Diethyl Ether
Diethyl Ether It is a highly volatile liquid produces irritating vapors, which is inflammable and explosive. Mechanism of action- Ether is a potent anesthetic; produces good analgesia and marked muscle relaxation by reducing output from motor nerve ending. It is highly soluble in blood. Induction is prolonged and unpleasant with struggling, breath holding, salivation and marked respiratory secretion. Recovery is slow; post anesthetic nausea, vomiting and retching are marked. BP and respiration are generally well maintained because of reflex...
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Halothane It is a volatile liquid with sweet odor, nonirritant and non-inflammable. Anesthesia with halothane can be induced rapidly because of its high potency and it is not irritating to inhale. Advantages- Following are the advantages of halothane. i) It is potent, induction is smooth, non-irritant and seldom induces coughing and breathe holding. ii) Recovery from anesthesia is rapid. iii) Used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in major surgery. iv) Produce moderate muscle relaxation. Disadvantages- Following are the disadvantages...
read moreNitrous Oxide
Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) It is a colorless, odorless, and heavier than air, non inflammable, pleasant and non irritating drug which produces rapid induction. It has analgesic properties and at sub-anesthetic concentration with oxygen is used frequently to provide analgesia in obstetrics and dentistry. It must be used with oxygen. Physical resistance, struggling and excitement in the un-premedicated nervous patients. It is cheap and very commonly used. Dose- Generally used as carrier and adjuvant to other anesthetics. A mixture of 70 % N2O...
read moreAdrenal hormone
Adrenal hormone/Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are classified into two groups. The mineralocorticoids; control salt and water balance by acting on the renal tubules to cause the retention of sodium, chloride and water. The glucocorticoids accelerate the formation of glucose from protein (gluconeogenesis) and have slight effect on salt and water balance. The adrenal cortex normally secretes hydrocortisone, which has glucocorticoid activity and weak mineralocorticoid activity. It also secrets mineralocorticoid aldosterone. Use of...
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Insulin Insulin is a hormone secreted by the islet of langerhans of the pancreas. As a drug, insulin is mainly extracted from pork’s pancreas and purified by crystallizations. It can also be made semi-synthetically by enzymatic modification of porcine material (human insulin). Insulin plays an important role in the body’s regulation of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The diabetes state is characterized by marked differences in all phases of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The rise in blood sugar level is a result of...
read moreOral Hypoglycemia Drugs
Oral Hypoglycemia Drugs Oral hypoglycemic drugs are used for non-insulin dependent (type-ll) diabetes. They should be used only when patients are not responding to dietary control alone. There are following groups of oral hypoglycemic drugs: (i) Sulphonylurea (First generation) (ii) Sulphonylurea (Second generation) (iii) Alpha Glucosidase inhibitors (iv) Biguanides (v) Meglitinides vi) Thiazolidiones Pioglitazone Tablet 15mg, 30mg, 45mg Rosiglitazone Tablet 2mg, 4mg,...
read moreTestosterone
Testosterone It is the principal endogenous androgen (male sex hormone). Mechanism of action: Testosterone has androgenic and anabolic effects. Indication- Hypogonadism, organic impotence, delayed puberty, premature senility, meropathia hemorrhagic, menorrhoea, sexual rigidity breast cancer. Preparation-Injection (testosterone enanthate, 200mg/ml in 1ml ampoule). Other testosterone esters (e.g. propionate) are also available. Usual dose- By I/M injection, 50 – 400 mg of testosterone enanthate every 2 to 4 weeks. Contraindication-...
read moreProgesterone
Progesterone Progesterone modifies some of the effects of estrogen and act on tissues sensitized by estrogen. This group of drugs causes further thickening and development of the secretory phase in the endometrium. Progesterone is the natural hormone but is effective only parenterally. (i) Hydroxyprogesterone This is a derivative of progesterone. It is more potent than progesterone and has longer duration of action (7-14 days). Mechanism of action – Acts at the nucleus by binding to progesterone receptor to produce progestogemic...
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Anti-estrogen Tamoxifen Citrate It is an anti-estrogen and is used in the palliative treatment of advanced breast carcinoma especially estrogen receptor containing breast tumor in postmenopausal women. The drug appears to be at least as effective as estrogen or androgen therapy in postmenopausal women and appears to cause a lower incidence of severe adverse effect. Mechanism of action- completes with uestradin for estrogen receptor protein in target tissue. Indication- Breast cancer; stimulate ovulation in appropriately selected anovulatory...
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Estrogen These are necessary for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. They also bring about the proliferation of the endometrium, growth of the uterine muscles and increase the duct tissue in the breast. (i) Ethinyl- estradiol This preparation of estrogen is widespread use. It is about twenty times more active than estradial following oral administration. Indication-vasomotor Symptom of menopause, advanced metastasis carcinoma of breast, dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Preparation- Tablet: 0.01mg, 0-.05mg; tablet. Usual...
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